Physical Activity
“If we had a pill that conferred all the benefits of exercise, we would recommend it to every patient.” Robert E. Sallis, MD, Chairman, Exercise is Medicine initiative
Most people know that physical activity burns calories, which can help with weight management. However, the benefits of physical activity - and health risks associated with inactivity - extend far beyond weight management. In fact, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, few lifestyle choices have as large an impact on health and wellbeing as regular physical activity. Research shows regular physical activity not only helps reduce the risk for, and improves management of, heart disease and diabetes, it also helps improve sleep and stress management.
Current guidelines say most adults need 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week. Children need even more. And, although even greater health benefits can be obtained by increasing the duration, frequency, or intensity of physical activity, just becoming moderately active on a regular basis can help most people improve their health and wellbeing, regardless of age, ethnicity, shape or size. What’s more, all types of physical activity count toward physical activity goals, including walking, gardening, playing sports, and even housework.
With a renewed emphasis on active lifestyles, it’s also important to be aware of hydration needs, particularly when being active in the heat, as well as the role of beverages in maintaining proper hydration.
Articles
What Experts Say
- Physical Activity for Health: What Kind? How Much? An interview with Steven Blair, PED
- Unlocking Motivation: A Key to Successful Health Behavior Change. An interview with Lola Coke, PhD and Julie Schwartz, MS, RD
- Hydration 101: More Than Just Water. An interview with Ann Grandjean, EdD
- Understanding Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia. An interview with Bob Murray, PhD
- Climatic Heat Stress and Exercising Children and Adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. Pediatrics, 2011;128 (3): e741
- Exercise and Fluid Replacement. Position Stand of the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exer. 2007:39;377-390.
- Caffeine & Exercise Performance (ACSM)
- Children, Adolescents, and Television. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. Pediatrics.2001; 107 :423 –426.
- Composition and Specification of Food Intended to Meet the Expenditure of Intense Muscular Effort, Especially for Sportsmen. Report of the Scientific Committee on Food (EU)
- Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (WHO)
- Nutrition and Athletic Performance. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Med Sci Sports Exer: 2009: 41; 709-731.
- Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults. Recommendation From the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Heart Association (AHA). Circulation. 2007;116:1094-1105.
- Promotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. Pediatrics: 1996; 97 :752 –753.
- Sport and Health: 2008 European Union Physical Activity Guidelines (EU)
- The ABC of Physical Activity for Health. A Consensus Statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. J Sports Sci. 2010 Apr;28(6):573-91.
- U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines 2008 (DHHS)
CPE Programs, Webinars & Podcasts
- Hydration & Physical Activity: Risks, Challenges and Benefits with Ronald Maughan, PhD and Bob Murray, PhD (Free CPE Program)
- Promoting Healthy Bones: Sorting Out the Science with Robert P. Heaney, MD (Free CPE Program)
- Energy Balance in an Obese World: Science & Clinical Applications with James Hill, PhD and Keith Ayoob, EdD, RD (Free CPE Program)
- Move It! - Research Updates from the Activity Side of the Energy Balance Equation with Steven N. Blair, PED and Timothy Church, PhD, MD (Free CPE Program)
- Sit Less, Move More! Understanding Inactivity Physiology with Marc Hamilton, PhD (Free CPE Program)
- Exercise is Medicine: Understanding the Evidence with Robert E. Sallis, MD
- Mindset: A New Strategy for Health Behavior Change with Carol S. Dweck, PhD and Lola Coke, PhD, APRN-BC (Free CPE Program)
- Motivational Interviewing in Action with Julie Schwartz, MS, RD and Lola Coke, PhD, APRN-BC (Free CPE Program)
- Heart Healthy Lifestyle Counseling with Jane Nelson-Worel, APNP and Lynne T. Braun, PhD, CNP
- Active Healthy Lifestyle Pyramid for Children and Adolescents with Marcella Gonzales-Gross, PhD
- Living Longer Healthier Lives Through Increased Physical Activity (EUFIC)
- Overcoming the Barriers to Physical Activity (EUFIC)
- The Consequences of Sedentary Lifestyles & Why We Should Be Physically Active (EUFIC)
- Physical Activity: Modifications for Home and Work (Dr. Marc Hamilton, Pennington Biomedical Research Center)
- Exercise is Medicine™ - Keys to Exercise - Exercise and Your Health (ACSM)
- Is sitting on your backside dangerous? (Dr. Andrew Maynard, University of Michigan)
- Physical Inactivity: Effects on Healthy Aging and Chronic Disease ( Dr. Marc Hamilton, ILSI North America)
Printable Downloads
- What is Weighing Us Down? Calorie Imbalance Impacts Us All
- Helping Your Children Become Physically Active
Based on “Active Healthy Lifestyles. A Guide for Parents” developed by Dr. Marcela Gonzales-Gross and colleagues, this fact sheet is designed for parents to help children become more active.
- Physical Activity: The Key to Keeping Your Child Healthy
Based on “Active Healthy Lifestyles. A Guide for Parents” developed by Dr. Marcela Gonzales-Gross and colleagues, this fact sheet can help parents understand the importance of helping children adopt sensible, balanced fitness and nutrition habits.
- Nutrition for Athletes: A Guide to Eating for Health and Performance (IOC)
- Nutrition for Football: A Guide to Eating for Health and Performance (FIFA)
- A Guide to Nutrition and Hydration for Active Healthy Lifestyles (British Dietetic Association, English Institute of Sport, Sports Dietitians UK and European Hydration Institute)
- Caffeine & Exercise Performance (ACSM)
- Compendium of Physical Activities
- Exercise is Medicine (EIM) Physical Activity Toolkit for Registered Dietitians (AND)
- Heart Healthy Toolbox: Lifestyle Change Tools for Health Care Professionals & Their Patients (PCNA)
- Hydration Tips during Physical Activity from The Coca-Cola Company
- Nutrition for Athletics: A Practical Guide for Track and Field (IAAF)
- The Exercise is Medicine™ Toolkits and Handouts (EIM)
- Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart (NIH/NHLBI)
Related References
- Sitting Time and All-Cause Mortality Risk in 222,497 Australian Adults. van der Ploeg HP, Chey T, Korda RJ, Banks E, Bauman A. Arch Int Med. 2012; 172:494-500.
- The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness. Ortega FB, Lee DC, Katzmarzyk PT, Ruiz JR, Sui X, Church TS, Blair SN. Eur Heart J. 2012, published online Sept 4.
- Climatic Heat Stress and Exercising Children and Adolescents. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. Pediatrics, 2011;128 (3): e741
- Comparisons of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as predictors of all-cause mortality in men and women. Lee DC, et. al. Br J Sports Med. 2011 May;45(6):504-10. Epub 2010 Apr 23.
- Exercise and Fluid Replacement. Position Stand of the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exer. 2007:39;377-390.
- Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness. Lee DC, Artero EG, Sui X, Blair SN. J Psychopharmacol. 2010; 24(4S):27-35.
- Trends over 5 Decades in U.S. Occupation-Related Physical Activity and Their Associations with Obesity. Church TS, et. al. PLOS One, Mary 25, 2011.
- Walking: the first steps in cardiovascular disease prevention. Murtagh EM, Murphy MH, Boone-Heinonen J. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2010 Sep;22(5):490-6.
- 45-Year Trends in Women’s Use of Time and Household Management Energy Expenditure. Archer E, et al. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(2): e56620.
- A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults. Warburton DE, Charlesworth S, Ivey A, Nettlefold L, Bredin SS.Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010 May 11;7:39.
- Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men with diabetes. Church TS, LaMonte MJ, Barlow CE, Blair SN. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2114-20.
- Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of nonfatal cardiovascular disease in women and men with hypertension. Sui X, LaMonte MJ, Blair SN Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:608-15.
- Children, Adolescents, and Television. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. Pediatrics.2001; 107 :423 –426.
- Compendium of Physical Activities
- Composition and Specification of Food Intended to Meet the Expenditure of Intense Muscular Effort, Especially for Sportsmen. Report of the Scientific Committee on Food (EU)
- Eating attentively: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of food intake memory and awareness on eating. Robinson E, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Feb 27.
- Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Church TS, Blair SN, et al. JAMA. 2010 Nov 24;304(20):2253-62.
- Effects of different doses of physical activity on cardiorespiratory fitness among sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women with elevated blood pressure: a randomized controlled trial. Church TS, et al. JAMA. 2007;297:2081-91.
Church TS, Earnest CP, Skinner JS, Blair SN. JAMA. 2007;297:2081-91.
- Exercise treatment for depression: efficacy and dose response. Dunn AL, Trivedi MH, Kampert JB, Clark CG, Chambliss HO Am J Prev Med. 2005;28:1-8.
- Interventions to increase walking behavior. Williams DM, Matthews CE, Rutt C, Napolitano MA, Marcus BH. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Jul;40(7 Suppl):S567-73.
- Leisure-time physical activity dose‑response effects on obesity among US adults: results from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Seo DC, LiK. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010; 64: 426-431.
- Nutrition and Athletic Performance. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Med Sci Sports Exer: 2009: 41; 709-731.
- Observational Studies Often Make Clinical Practice Recommendations: An Empirical Evaluation of Authors' Attitudes. Prasad V, Jorgenson J, Ioannidis JP, Cifu A. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013 Feb 2. S0895-4356(12)00352-6.
- Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Seo DC, LiK. J Epidemiol Community Health 2010; 64: 426-431.
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- Physical activity and optimal self-rated health of adults with and without diabetes. Tsai J, Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, Balluz LS.BMC Public Health. 2010 Jun 23;10:365.
- Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults. Recommendation From the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the American Heart Association (AHA). Circulation. 2007;116:1094-1105.
- Physical activity is associated with risk factors for chronic disease across adult women's life cycle. Woolf K, Reese CE, Mason MP, Beaird LC, Tudor-Locke C, Vaughan LA. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008 Jun;108(6):948-59.
- Promoting Lifestyle Physical Activity: Experiences with the First Step Program. Tudor-Locke C. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2009 Jul 1;3(1 Suppl):508-548.
- Promotion of Healthy Weight-Control Practices in Young Athletes. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. Pediatrics: 1996; 97 :752 –753.
- Review: Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Warburton DE, Nicol CW and Bredin SS. CMAJ 2006; 174 (6). 801.
- Revisiting "how many steps are enough?". Tudor-Locke C, Hatano Y, Pangrazi RP, Kang M. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Jul;40(7 Suppl):S537-43.
- Small changes in dietary sugar and physical activity as an approach to preventing excessive weight gain: The America on the Move family study. Rodearmel SJ, Wyatt HR, Stroebele N, Smith SM, Ogden LG and Hill J O. Pediatrics. 2007; 120(4): e869-e879.
- Sport and Health: 2008 European Union Physical Activity Guidelines (EU)
- U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, 2008
- Communication strategies to help reduce the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Fernstrom MH, Reed KA, Rahavi EB, Dooher CC. Nutr Rev. 2012 May;70(5):301-10.
Related Websites
- Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND)
- America on the Move (AOM)
- American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
- American Council on Exercise (ACE)
- EU Platform for Diet, Physical Activity and Health (EU)
- European Food Information Council (EUFIC)
- European Hydration Institute (EHI)
- Exercise is Medicine (EIM)
- Great Fun2Run (UK)
- Let’s Move! (US)
- U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines 2008 (DHHS)
- U.S. President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
Physical Activity & Health
Learn about the health benefits of physical activity beyond weight management.
Physical Activity Guidelines
♦ 2008 U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines
♦ 2008 EU Physical Activity Guidelines
Hydration & Physical Activity
Dehydration can not only increase how much effort physical activity seems to require, it can impact physical and mental performance and cause fatigue and headache. Learn about hydration considerations for athletes and physically active individual.


